| CVE |
Vendors |
Products |
Updated |
CVSS v3.1 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
tracing: Fix WARN_ON in tracing_buffers_mmap_close for split VMAs
When a VMA is split (e.g., by partial munmap or MAP_FIXED), the kernel
calls vm_ops->close on each portion. For trace buffer mappings, this
results in ring_buffer_unmap() being called multiple times while
ring_buffer_map() was only called once.
This causes ring_buffer_unmap() to return -ENODEV on subsequent calls
because user_mapped is already 0, triggering a WARN_ON.
Trace buffer mappings cannot support partial mappings because the ring
buffer structure requires the complete buffer including the meta page.
Fix this by adding a may_split callback that returns -EINVAL to prevent
VMA splits entirely. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
comedi: c6xdigio: Fix invalid PNP driver unregistration
The Comedi low-level driver "c6xdigio" seems to be for a parallel port
connected device. When the Comedi core calls the driver's Comedi
"attach" handler `c6xdigio_attach()` to configure a Comedi to use this
driver, it tries to enable the parallel port PNP resources by
registering a PNP driver with `pnp_register_driver()`, but ignores the
return value. (The `struct pnp_driver` it uses has only the `name` and
`id_table` members filled in.) The driver's Comedi "detach" handler
`c6xdigio_detach()` unconditionally unregisters the PNP driver with
`pnp_unregister_driver()`.
It is possible for `c6xdigio_attach()` to return an error before it
calls `pnp_register_driver()` and it is possible for the call to
`pnp_register_driver()` to return an error (that is ignored). In both
cases, the driver should not be calling `pnp_unregister_driver()` as it
does in `c6xdigio_detach()`. (Note that `c6xdigio_detach()` will be
called by the Comedi core if `c6xdigio_attach()` returns an error, or if
the Comedi core decides to detach the Comedi device from the driver for
some other reason.)
The unconditional call to `pnp_unregister_driver()` without a previous
successful call to `pnp_register_driver()` will cause
`driver_unregister()` to issue a warning "Unexpected driver
unregister!". This was detected by Syzbot [1].
Also, the PNP driver registration and unregistration should be done at
module init and exit time, respectively, not when attaching or detaching
Comedi devices to the driver. (There might be more than one Comedi
device being attached to the driver, although that is unlikely.)
Change the driver to do the PNP driver registration at module init time,
and the unregistration at module exit time. Since `c6xdigio_detach()`
now only calls `comedi_legacy_detach()`, remove the function and change
the Comedi driver "detach" handler to `comedi_legacy_detach`.
-------------------------------------------
[1] Syzbot sample crash report:
Unexpected driver unregister!
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 5970 at drivers/base/driver.c:273 driver_unregister drivers/base/driver.c:273 [inline]
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 5970 at drivers/base/driver.c:273 driver_unregister+0x90/0xb0 drivers/base/driver.c:270
Modules linked in:
CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 5970 Comm: syz.0.17 Not tainted syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full)
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 10/02/2025
RIP: 0010:driver_unregister drivers/base/driver.c:273 [inline]
RIP: 0010:driver_unregister+0x90/0xb0 drivers/base/driver.c:270
Code: 48 89 ef e8 c2 e6 82 fc 48 89 df e8 3a 93 ff ff 5b 5d e9 c3 6d d9 fb e8 be 6d d9 fb 90 48 c7 c7 e0 f8 1f 8c e8 51 a2 97 fb 90 <0f> 0b 90 90 5b 5d e9 a5 6d d9 fb e8 e0 f4 41 fc eb 94 e8 d9 f4 41
RSP: 0018:ffffc9000373f9a0 EFLAGS: 00010282
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffffffff8ff24720 RCX: ffffffff817b6ee8
RDX: ffff88807c932480 RSI: ffffffff817b6ef5 RDI: 0000000000000001
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: ffffffff8ff24660
R13: dffffc0000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: ffff88814cca0000
FS: 000055556dab1500(0000) GS:ffff8881249d9000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 000055f77f285cd0 CR3: 000000007d871000 CR4: 00000000003526f0
Call Trace:
<TASK>
comedi_device_detach_locked+0x12f/0xa50 drivers/comedi/drivers.c:207
comedi_device_detach+0x67/0xb0 drivers/comedi/drivers.c:215
comedi_device_attach+0x43d/0x900 drivers/comedi/drivers.c:1011
do_devconfig_ioctl+0x1b1/0x710 drivers/comedi/comedi_fops.c:872
comedi_unlocked_ioctl+0x165d/0x2f00 drivers/comedi/comedi_fops.c:2178
vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline]
__do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:597 [inline]
__se_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:583 [inline]
__x64_sys_ioctl+0x18e/0x210 fs/ioctl.c:583
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/syscall_64.c:63 [inline]
do_sys
---truncated--- |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
usb: uas: fix urb unmapping issue when the uas device is remove during ongoing data transfer
When a UAS device is unplugged during data transfer, there is
a probability of a system panic occurring. The root cause is
an access to an invalid memory address during URB callback handling.
Specifically, this happens when the dma_direct_unmap_sg() function
is called within the usb_hcd_unmap_urb_for_dma() interface, but the
sg->dma_address field is 0 and the sg data structure has already been
freed.
The SCSI driver sends transfer commands by invoking uas_queuecommand_lck()
in uas.c, using the uas_submit_urbs() function to submit requests to USB.
Within the uas_submit_urbs() implementation, three URBs (sense_urb,
data_urb, and cmd_urb) are sequentially submitted. Device removal may
occur at any point during uas_submit_urbs execution, which may result
in URB submission failure. However, some URBs might have been successfully
submitted before the failure, and uas_submit_urbs will return the -ENODEV
error code in this case. The current error handling directly calls
scsi_done(). In the SCSI driver, this eventually triggers scsi_complete()
to invoke scsi_end_request() for releasing the sgtable. The successfully
submitted URBs, when being unlinked to giveback, call
usb_hcd_unmap_urb_for_dma() in hcd.c, leading to exceptions during sg
unmapping operations since the sg data structure has already been freed.
This patch modifies the error condition check in the uas_submit_urbs()
function. When a UAS device is removed but one or more URBs have already
been successfully submitted to USB, it avoids immediately invoking
scsi_done() and save the cmnd to devinfo->cmnd array. If the successfully
submitted URBs is completed before devinfo->resetting being set, then
the scsi_done() function will be called within uas_try_complete() after
all pending URB operations are finalized. Otherwise, the scsi_done()
function will be called within uas_zap_pending(), which is executed after
usb_kill_anchored_urbs().
The error handling only takes effect when uas_queuecommand_lck() calls
uas_submit_urbs() and returns the error value -ENODEV . In this case,
the device is disconnected, and the flow proceeds to uas_disconnect(),
where uas_zap_pending() is invoked to call uas_try_complete(). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
platform/x86/amd/pmc: Add support for Van Gogh SoC
The ROG Xbox Ally (non-X) SoC features a similar architecture to the
Steam Deck. While the Steam Deck supports S3 (s2idle causes a crash),
this support was dropped by the Xbox Ally which only S0ix suspend.
Since the handler is missing here, this causes the device to not suspend
and the AMD GPU driver to crash while trying to resume afterwards due to
a power hang. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
comedi: pcl818: fix null-ptr-deref in pcl818_ai_cancel()
Syzbot identified an issue [1] in pcl818_ai_cancel(), which stems from
the fact that in case of early device detach via pcl818_detach(),
subdevice dev->read_subdev may not have initialized its pointer to
&struct comedi_async as intended. Thus, any such dereferencing of
&s->async->cmd will lead to general protection fault and kernel crash.
Mitigate this problem by removing a call to pcl818_ai_cancel() from
pcl818_detach() altogether. This way, if the subdevice setups its
support for async commands, everything async-related will be
handled via subdevice's own ->cancel() function in
comedi_device_detach_locked() even before pcl818_detach(). If no
support for asynchronous commands is provided, there is no need
to cancel anything either.
[1] Syzbot crash:
Oops: general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xdffffc0000000005: 0000 [#1] SMP KASAN PTI
KASAN: null-ptr-deref in range [0x0000000000000028-0x000000000000002f]
CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 6050 Comm: syz.0.18 Not tainted syzkaller #0 PREEMPT(full)
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 08/18/2025
RIP: 0010:pcl818_ai_cancel+0x69/0x3f0 drivers/comedi/drivers/pcl818.c:762
...
Call Trace:
<TASK>
pcl818_detach+0x66/0xd0 drivers/comedi/drivers/pcl818.c:1115
comedi_device_detach_locked+0x178/0x750 drivers/comedi/drivers.c:207
do_devconfig_ioctl drivers/comedi/comedi_fops.c:848 [inline]
comedi_unlocked_ioctl+0xcde/0x1020 drivers/comedi/comedi_fops.c:2178
vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline]
__do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:597 [inline]
... |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
regulator: core: Protect regulator_supply_alias_list with regulator_list_mutex
regulator_supply_alias_list was accessed without any locking in
regulator_supply_alias(), regulator_register_supply_alias(), and
regulator_unregister_supply_alias(). Concurrent registration,
unregistration and lookups can race, leading to:
1 use-after-free if an alias entry is removed while being read,
2 duplicate entries when two threads register the same alias,
3 inconsistent alias mappings observed by consumers.
Protect all traversals, insertions and deletions on
regulator_supply_alias_list with the existing regulator_list_mutex. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
bpf: Fix exclusive map memory leak
When excl_prog_hash is 0 and excl_prog_hash_size is non-zero, the map also
needs to be freed. Otherwise, the map memory will not be reclaimed, just
like the memory leak problem reported by syzbot [1].
syzbot reported:
BUG: memory leak
backtrace (crc 7b9fb9b4):
map_create+0x322/0x11e0 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:1512
__sys_bpf+0x3556/0x3610 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:6131 |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
iomap: allocate s_dio_done_wq for async reads as well
Since commit 222f2c7c6d14 ("iomap: always run error completions in user
context"), read error completions are deferred to s_dio_done_wq. This
means the workqueue also needs to be allocated for async reads. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
ocfs2: relax BUG() to ocfs2_error() in __ocfs2_move_extent()
In '__ocfs2_move_extent()', relax 'BUG()' to 'ocfs2_error()' just
to avoid crashing the whole kernel due to a filesystem corruption. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
macintosh/mac_hid: fix race condition in mac_hid_toggle_emumouse
The following warning appears when running syzkaller, and this issue also
exists in the mainline code.
------------[ cut here ]------------
list_add double add: new=ffffffffa57eee28, prev=ffffffffa57eee28, next=ffffffffa5e63100.
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 1491 at lib/list_debug.c:35 __list_add_valid_or_report+0xf7/0x130
Modules linked in:
CPU: 0 PID: 1491 Comm: syz.1.28 Not tainted 6.6.0+ #3
Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
RIP: 0010:__list_add_valid_or_report+0xf7/0x130
RSP: 0018:ff1100010dfb7b78 EFLAGS: 00010282
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffffffffa57eee18 RCX: ffffffff97fc9817
RDX: 0000000000040000 RSI: ffa0000002383000 RDI: 0000000000000001
RBP: ffffffffa57eee28 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffe21c0021bf6f2c
R10: 0000000000000001 R11: 6464615f7473696c R12: ffffffffa5e63100
R13: ffffffffa57eee28 R14: ffffffffa57eee28 R15: ff1100010dfb7d48
FS: 00007fb14398b640(0000) GS:ff11000119600000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 000000010d096005 CR4: 0000000000773ef0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
PKRU: 80000000
Call Trace:
<TASK>
input_register_handler+0xb3/0x210
mac_hid_start_emulation+0x1c5/0x290
mac_hid_toggle_emumouse+0x20a/0x240
proc_sys_call_handler+0x4c2/0x6e0
new_sync_write+0x1b1/0x2d0
vfs_write+0x709/0x950
ksys_write+0x12a/0x250
do_syscall_64+0x5a/0x110
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x78/0xe2
The WARNING occurs when two processes concurrently write to the mac-hid
emulation sysctl, causing a race condition in mac_hid_toggle_emumouse().
Both processes read old_val=0, then both try to register the input handler,
leading to a double list_add of the same handler.
CPU0 CPU1
------------------------- -------------------------
vfs_write() //write 1 vfs_write() //write 1
proc_sys_write() proc_sys_write()
mac_hid_toggle_emumouse() mac_hid_toggle_emumouse()
old_val = *valp // old_val=0
old_val = *valp // old_val=0
mutex_lock_killable()
proc_dointvec() // *valp=1
mac_hid_start_emulation()
input_register_handler()
mutex_unlock()
mutex_lock_killable()
proc_dointvec()
mac_hid_start_emulation()
input_register_handler() //Trigger Warning
mutex_unlock()
Fix this by moving the old_val read inside the mutex lock region. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
accel/amdxdna: Fix an integer overflow in aie2_query_ctx_status_array()
The unpublished smatch static checker reported a warning.
drivers/accel/amdxdna/aie2_pci.c:904 aie2_query_ctx_status_array()
warn: potential user controlled sizeof overflow
'args->num_element * args->element_size' '1-u32max(user) * 1-u32max(user)'
Even this will not cause a real issue, it is better to put a reasonable
limitation for element_size and num_element. Add condition to make sure
the input element_size <= 4K and num_element <= 1K. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
gpu: host1x: Fix race in syncpt alloc/free
Fix race condition between host1x_syncpt_alloc()
and host1x_syncpt_put() by using kref_put_mutex()
instead of kref_put() + manual mutex locking.
This ensures no thread can acquire the
syncpt_mutex after the refcount drops to zero
but before syncpt_release acquires it.
This prevents races where syncpoints could
be allocated while still being cleaned up
from a previous release.
Remove explicit mutex locking in syncpt_release
as kref_put_mutex() handles this atomically. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
smack: fix bug: unprivileged task can create labels
If an unprivileged task is allowed to relabel itself
(/smack/relabel-self is not empty),
it can freely create new labels by writing their
names into own /proc/PID/attr/smack/current
This occurs because do_setattr() imports
the provided label in advance,
before checking "relabel-self" list.
This change ensures that the "relabel-self" list
is checked before importing the label. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
usb: potential integer overflow in usbg_make_tpg()
The variable tpgt in usbg_make_tpg() is defined as unsigned long and is
assigned to tpgt->tport_tpgt, which is defined as u16. This may cause an
integer overflow when tpgt is greater than USHRT_MAX (65535). I
haven't tried to trigger it myself, but it is possible to trigger it
by calling usbg_make_tpg() with a large value for tpgt.
I modified the type of tpgt to match tpgt->tport_tpgt and adjusted the
relevant code accordingly.
This patch is similar to commit 59c816c1f24d ("vhost/scsi: potential
memory corruption"). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
s390/fpu: Fix false-positive kmsan report in fpu_vstl()
A false-positive kmsan report is detected when running ping command.
An inline assembly instruction 'vstl' can write varied amount of bytes
depending on value of 'index' argument. If 'index' > 0, 'vstl' writes
at least 2 bytes.
clang generates kmsan write helper call depending on inline assembly
constraints. Constraints are evaluated compile-time, but value of
'index' argument is known only at runtime.
clang currently generates call to __msan_instrument_asm_store with 1 byte
as size. Manually call kmsan function to indicate correct amount of bytes
written and fix false-positive report.
This change fixes following kmsan reports:
[ 36.563119] =====================================================
[ 36.563594] BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in virtqueue_add+0x35c6/0x7c70
[ 36.563852] virtqueue_add+0x35c6/0x7c70
[ 36.564016] virtqueue_add_outbuf+0xa0/0xb0
[ 36.564266] start_xmit+0x288c/0x4a20
[ 36.564460] dev_hard_start_xmit+0x302/0x900
[ 36.564649] sch_direct_xmit+0x340/0xea0
[ 36.564894] __dev_queue_xmit+0x2e94/0x59b0
[ 36.565058] neigh_resolve_output+0x936/0xb40
[ 36.565278] __neigh_update+0x2f66/0x3a60
[ 36.565499] neigh_update+0x52/0x60
[ 36.565683] arp_process+0x1588/0x2de0
[ 36.565916] NF_HOOK+0x1da/0x240
[ 36.566087] arp_rcv+0x3e4/0x6e0
[ 36.566306] __netif_receive_skb_list_core+0x1374/0x15a0
[ 36.566527] netif_receive_skb_list_internal+0x1116/0x17d0
[ 36.566710] napi_complete_done+0x376/0x740
[ 36.566918] virtnet_poll+0x1bae/0x2910
[ 36.567130] __napi_poll+0xf4/0x830
[ 36.567294] net_rx_action+0x97c/0x1ed0
[ 36.567556] handle_softirqs+0x306/0xe10
[ 36.567731] irq_exit_rcu+0x14c/0x2e0
[ 36.567910] do_io_irq+0xd4/0x120
[ 36.568139] io_int_handler+0xc2/0xe8
[ 36.568299] arch_cpu_idle+0xb0/0xc0
[ 36.568540] arch_cpu_idle+0x76/0xc0
[ 36.568726] default_idle_call+0x40/0x70
[ 36.568953] do_idle+0x1d6/0x390
[ 36.569486] cpu_startup_entry+0x9a/0xb0
[ 36.569745] rest_init+0x1ea/0x290
[ 36.570029] start_kernel+0x95e/0xb90
[ 36.570348] startup_continue+0x2e/0x40
[ 36.570703]
[ 36.570798] Uninit was created at:
[ 36.571002] kmem_cache_alloc_node_noprof+0x9e8/0x10e0
[ 36.571261] kmalloc_reserve+0x12a/0x470
[ 36.571553] __alloc_skb+0x310/0x860
[ 36.571844] __ip_append_data+0x483e/0x6a30
[ 36.572170] ip_append_data+0x11c/0x1e0
[ 36.572477] raw_sendmsg+0x1c8c/0x2180
[ 36.572818] inet_sendmsg+0xe6/0x190
[ 36.573142] __sys_sendto+0x55e/0x8e0
[ 36.573392] __s390x_sys_socketcall+0x19ae/0x2ba0
[ 36.573571] __do_syscall+0x12e/0x240
[ 36.573823] system_call+0x6e/0x90
[ 36.573976]
[ 36.574017] Byte 35 of 98 is uninitialized
[ 36.574082] Memory access of size 98 starts at 0000000007aa0012
[ 36.574218]
[ 36.574325] CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/0 Tainted: G B N 6.17.0-dirty #16 NONE
[ 36.574541] Tainted: [B]=BAD_PAGE, [N]=TEST
[ 36.574617] Hardware name: IBM 3931 A01 703 (KVM/Linux)
[ 36.574755] =====================================================
[ 63.532541] =====================================================
[ 63.533639] BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in virtqueue_add+0x35c6/0x7c70
[ 63.533989] virtqueue_add+0x35c6/0x7c70
[ 63.534940] virtqueue_add_outbuf+0xa0/0xb0
[ 63.535861] start_xmit+0x288c/0x4a20
[ 63.536708] dev_hard_start_xmit+0x302/0x900
[ 63.537020] sch_direct_xmit+0x340/0xea0
[ 63.537997] __dev_queue_xmit+0x2e94/0x59b0
[ 63.538819] neigh_resolve_output+0x936/0xb40
[ 63.539793] ip_finish_output2+0x1ee2/0x2200
[ 63.540784] __ip_finish_output+0x272/0x7a0
[ 63.541765] ip_finish_output+0x4e/0x5e0
[ 63.542791] ip_output+0x166/0x410
[ 63.543771] ip_push_pending_frames+0x1a2/0x470
[ 63.544753] raw_sendmsg+0x1f06/0x2180
[ 63.545033] inet_sendmsg+0xe6/0x190
[ 63.546006] __sys_sendto+0x55e/0x8e0
---truncated--- |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
iavf: Implement settime64 with -EOPNOTSUPP
ptp_clock_settime() assumes every ptp_clock has implemented settime64().
Stub it with -EOPNOTSUPP to prevent a NULL dereference.
The fix is similar to commit 329d050bbe63 ("gve: Implement settime64
with -EOPNOTSUPP"). |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
rtc: amlogic-a4: fix double free caused by devm
The clock obtained via devm_clk_get_enabled() is automatically managed
by devres and will be disabled and freed on driver detach. Manually
calling clk_disable_unprepare() in error path and remove function
causes double free.
Remove the redundant clk_disable_unprepare() calls from the probe
error path and aml_rtc_remove(), allowing the devm framework to
automatically manage the clock lifecycle. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
irqchip/mchp-eic: Fix error code in mchp_eic_domain_alloc()
If irq_domain_translate_twocell() sets "hwirq" to >= MCHP_EIC_NIRQ (2) then
it results in an out of bounds access.
The code checks for invalid values, but doesn't set the error code. Return
-EINVAL in that case, instead of returning success. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
iommu/amd: Fix potential out-of-bounds read in iommu_mmio_show
In iommu_mmio_write(), it validates the user-provided offset with the
check: `iommu->dbg_mmio_offset > iommu->mmio_phys_end - 4`.
This assumes a 4-byte access. However, the corresponding
show handler, iommu_mmio_show(), uses readq() to perform an 8-byte
(64-bit) read.
If a user provides an offset equal to `mmio_phys_end - 4`, the check
passes, and will lead to a 4-byte out-of-bounds read.
Fix this by adjusting the boundary check to use sizeof(u64), which
corresponds to the size of the readq() operation. |
| In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
net: netpoll: initialize work queue before error checks
Prevent a kernel warning when netconsole setup fails on devices with
IFF_DISABLE_NETPOLL flag. The warning (at kernel/workqueue.c:4242 in
__flush_work) occurs because the cleanup path tries to cancel an
uninitialized work queue.
When __netpoll_setup() encounters a device with IFF_DISABLE_NETPOLL,
it fails early and calls skb_pool_flush() for cleanup. This function
calls cancel_work_sync(&np->refill_wq), but refill_wq hasn't been
initialized yet, triggering the warning.
Move INIT_WORK() to the beginning of __netpoll_setup(), ensuring the
work queue is properly initialized before any potential failure points.
This allows the cleanup path to safely cancel the work queue regardless
of where the setup fails. |
